Rendimiento clínico de espirometría y oscilometría respiratoria para predecir crisis graves en escolares con asma / Clinical performance of spirometry and respiratory oscillometry for prediction of severe exacerbations in schoolchildren with asthma

Objetivo: Determinar el rendimiento de espirometría y oscilometría respiratoria (RO) para predecir crisis de asma graves (CAG) en niños. Métodos: En un estudio prospectivo, 148 niños (6-14 años) con asma realizaron RO, espirometría y prueba broncodilatadora. Se clasificaron en fenotipos de atrapamiento aéreo (ATA), limitación del flujo aéreo (LFA) y normal, según la espirometría y prueba broncodilatadora. A las 12 semanas fueron revalorados respecto a aparición de CAG. Se analizó el rendimiento de los parámetros de RO, espirometría y fenotipos ATA/LFA para predecir la aparición de CAG con cocientes de probabilidad positivos y negativos (LR+/LR−), área bajo la curva de curvas ROC y análisis multivariante ajustado por posibles factores de confusión. Resultados: Un 7,4% tuvo CAG en el seguimiento, con diferencias según fenotipo (Normal 2,4%; LFA 17,9%; ATA 22,2%; p=0,005). La mejor área bajo la curva fue del flujo espiratorio forzado 25-75% (FEF25-75): 0,787; intervalo de confianza 95%: 0,600-0,973. También tuvieron áreas bajo la curva significativas el área de reactancia (AX), el volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (FEV1), el cambio post-broncodilatador en capacidad vital forzada (FVC), y FEV1/FVC. Todas las variables tenían una baja sensibilidad para predecir CAG. La mejor especificidad correspondía al fenotipo ATA: 93,8% (intervalo de confianza del 95% 87,9-97,0), pero solo FEF25-75 tenía tanto LR+ como LR− significativos. En el análisis multivariante, solo algunos parámetros de espirometría fueron significativos para predecir CAG (fenotipo ATA, FEF25-75 y FEV1/FVC). Conclusiones: La espirometría tiene un rendimiento superior a la RO para predecir CAG a medio plazo en escolares con asma. (AU)

Objective: To determine the performance of spirometry and respiratory oscillometry (RO) in the prediction of severe asthma exacerbations (SAEs) in children. Methods: In a prospective study, 148 children (age 6–14 years) with asthma were assessed with RO, spirometry and a bronchodilator test. Based on the findings of spirometry and the bronchodilator test, they were classified into 3 phenotypes: air trapping (AT), airflow limitation (AL) and normal. Twelve weeks later, they were re-evaluated in relation to the occurrence of SAEs. We analysed the performance of RO, spirometry and AT/AL phenotypes for prediction of SAEs by means of positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+/LR–), ROC curves with the corresponding areas under the curve and a multivariate analysis adjusted for potential confounders. Results: During the followup, 7.4% of patients had SAEs, and there were differences between phenotypes (normal, 2.4%; AL, 17.9%; AT, 22.2%, P=.005). The best area under the curve corresponded to the forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25–75): 0.787; 95% confidence interval, 0.600-0.973. Other significant areas under the curve were those for the reactance area (AX), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), the post- bronchodilator change in forced vital capacity (FVC), and the FEV1/FVC ratio. All of the variables had a low sensitivity for prediction of SAEs. The AT phenotype had the best specificity (93.8%; 95% confidence interval, 87.9-97.0), but LR+ and LR– were both significant only for the FEF25–75. In the multivariate analysis, only some spirometry parameters were significative for prediction of SAEs (AT phenotype, FEF25–75 and FEV1/FVC). Conclusions: Spirometry performed better than RO for prediction of SAEs in the medium term in schoolchildren with asthma. (AU)

Clinical performance of spirometry and respiratory oscillometry for prediction of severe exacerbations in schoolchildren with asthma.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the performance of spirometry and respiratory oscillometry (RO) in the prediction of severe asthma exacerbations (SAEs) in children. METHODS: In a prospective study, 148 children (age 6-14 years) with asthma were assessed with RO, spirometry and a bronchodilator (BD) test. Based on the findings of spirometry and the BD test, they were classified into three phenotypes: air trapping (AT), airflow limitation (AFL) and normal. Twelve weeks later, they were re-evaluated in relation to the occurrence of SAEs. We analysed the performance of RO, spirometry and AT/AFL phenotypes for prediction of SAEs by means of positive and negative likelihood ratios, ROC curves with the corresponding areas under the curve (AUCs) and a multivariate analysis adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: During the follow-up, 7.4% of patients had SAEs, and there were differences between phenotypes (normal, 2.4%; AFL, 17.9%; AT, 22.2%, P = .005). The best AUC corresponded to the forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75): 0.787; 95% confidence interval, 0.600-0.973. Other significant AUCs were those for the reactance area (AX), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), the post-BD change in forced vital capacity (FVC), and the FEV1/FVC ratio. All of the variables had a low sensitivity for prediction of SAEs. The AT phenotype had the best specificity (93.8%; 95% CI, 87.9-97.0), but the positive and negative likelihood ratios were both significant only for the FEF25-75. In the multivariate analysis, only some spirometry parameters were significative for prediction of SAEs (AT phenotype, FEF25-75 and FEV1/FVC). CONCLUSIONS: Spirometry performed better than RO for prediction of SAEs in the medium term in schoolchildren with asthma.

Tratamiento multicomponente del tabaquismo en Atención Primaria: seguimiento transcurridos más de 5 años / Multicomponent treatment of tobacco in primary care: Follow-up over 5years

Objetivos: Analizar la eficacia de un tratamiento multicomponente para dejar de fumar llevado a cabo en Atención Primaria y evaluar la evolución del consumo de tabaco que tuvieron las personas que participaron, transcurridos más de 5 años desde la finalización del tratamiento. Diseño: Estudio longitudinal de 307 personas participantes en un programa multicomponente en formato grupal de deshabituación de tabaco. Emplazamiento: Centro de Salud de Atención Primaria de Santander. Participantes: Personas fumadoras de la Zona Básica de Salud que deseaban dejar de fumar entre 2006 y 2012 y solicitaron ayuda. Intervenciones: Tratamiento multicomponente de 5sesiones presenciales y seguimiento hasta los 12 meses.Mediciones principales: La actividad se evaluó en 263 sujetos, una vez transcurridos más de 5años desde que finalizaron el tratamiento. Los resultados de abstinencia continua y puntual se obtuvieron por autodeclaración y los datos registrados en la historia clínica. La puntual se validó también con cooximetría. Resultados: Al año declararon abstinencia continua el 42,7% de las participantes. Transcurridos entre 5 y 12 años, la abstinencia continua declarada mayor de 12meses fue del 40,7%. No volvieron a fumar desde que finalizaron el tratamiento 66 personas. El 68,0% de las que recayeron realizaron nuevos intentos y de ellas el 45,5% solicitaron ayuda para dejar de fumar. Conclusiones: El tratamiento multicomponente propuesto es eficaz. La abstinencia a los 12 meses predice el mantenimiento a largo plazo y participar en grupos de deshabituación favorece la realización de nuevos intentos en caso de recaída y la solicitud de ayuda para dejar de fumar.(AU)

Objectives: To analyze the effectiveness of a multicomponent treatment for smoking cessation carried out in primary care and to evaluate the evolution of the consumption of tobacco that the people who participated had, more than 5 years after the end of the treatment. Design: Longitudinal study of 307 participants in a multicomponent program in group format of tobacco cessation. Emplacement: Santander (Spain) Primary Care Health Center. Participants: Smokers from the basic health zone who wanted to quit smoking between 2006 and 2012 and requested help. Interventions: Multicomponent treatment of 5face-to-face sessions and follow-up for up to 12 months. Primary measurements: The activity was evaluated in 263 participants more than 5years after the end of treatment. The results of continuous and punctual withdrawal were obtained by self-declaration and the data recorded in the medical record. The punctual was also validated with co-oximetry. Results: After a year 42.7% of participants declared continuous abstinence. From 5 to 12 years later, the continuous declared abstinence further than 12 months was 40.7%. They did not smoke again since the end of the treatment 66 people; 68.0% of those who relapsed made new attempts and 45.5% of them requested help to quit smoking. Conclusions: The proposed multi-component treatment is effective. Abstinence at 12 months predicts long-term maintenance and participating in disabling groups favors further attempts in case of relapse and the request for help to quit smoking.(AU)

[Multicomponent treatment of tobacco in primary care: Follow-up over 5years]. / Tratamiento multicomponente del tabaquismo en Atención Primaria: seguimiento transcurridos más de 5 años.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the effectiveness of a multicomponent treatment for smoking cessation carried out in primary care and to evaluate the evolution of the consumption of tobacco that the people who participated had, more than 5 years after the end of the treatment. DESIGN: Longitudinal study of 307 participants in a multicomponent program in group format of tobacco cessation. EMPLACEMENT: Santander (Spain) Primary Care Health Center. PARTICIPANTS: Smokers from the basic health zone who wanted to quit smoking between 2006 and 2012 and requested help. INTERVENTIONS: Multicomponent treatment of 5face-to-face sessions and follow-up for up to 12 months. PRIMARY MEASUREMENTS: The activity was evaluated in 263 participants more than 5years after the end of treatment. The results of continuous and punctual withdrawal were obtained by self-declaration and the data recorded in the medical record. The punctual was also validated with co-oximetry. RESULTS: After a year 42.7% of participants declared continuous abstinence. From 5 to 12 years later, the continuous declared abstinence further than 12 months was 40.7%. They did not smoke again since the end of the treatment 66 people; 68.0% of those who relapsed made new attempts and 45.5% of them requested help to quit smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed multi-component treatment is effective. Abstinence at 12 months predicts long-term maintenance and participating in disabling groups favors further attempts in case of relapse and the request for help to quit smoking.

A Prospective Study of Costs Associated With the Evaluation of Allergic Reactions to Radiological Contrast Media

Background: The prevalence of hypersensitivity reactions to radiological contrast media (RCM) is increasing owing to the improved performance of diagnostic and therapeutic tests that require RCMs. Objective: We carried out a year-long real-life observational study to prospectively evaluate patients referred to the allergy department from primary care, the emergency department, and other specialties with suspected moderate-to-severe RCM hypersensitivity reactions. Methods: To study the costs of evaluating RCM hypersensitivity reactions, we systematically recorded direct and indirect costs. Results: Sixty-nine patients with previous reactions to RCM were evaluated in the allergy department from June 1, 2017, to May 31, 2018.Total direct health care costs were €10 715.84, with a mean (SD) cost per patient of €155.30 (77.08). Specifically, direct non–health care costs reached €1605.42 (mean, €23.27 [41.14]), and indirect costs were €6490.85 (mean, €94.07 [110.61]). In summary, the total cost was €18 812.11, that is, a mean cost of €272.64 (164.77). Conclusions: Our study shows that the costs of an elective evaluation of hypersensitivity reactions to RCM are low, thus confirming that correct and safe management of affected patients are cost-effective. Therefore, our efforts should be directed toward ensuring the necessary logistics (AU)

Antecedentes: La prevalencia de reacciones de hipersensibilidad a los medios de contraste radiológico (MCR) está aumentando debido al incremento en la realización de pruebas diagnósticas y terapéuticas que requieren MCR. Objetivo: Hemos realizado un estudio observacional de un año de duración para evaluar prospectivamente a los pacientes remitidos al Servicio de Alergología con sospecha de reacciones moderadas a graves por hipersensibilidad a MCR.Métodos: Para estudiar los costes de la evaluación de la hipersensibilidad a MCR, se registraron sistemáticamente los costes directos e indirectos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 69 pacientes con reacciones previas a MCR remitidos al Servicio de Alergología desde el 1 de junio de 2017 hasta el 31 de mayo de 2018. Los costes sanitarios directos totales fueron de 10.715,84 €, con un coste medio por paciente de 155,30 € ± 77,08. En concreto, los costes directos no sanitarios alcanzaron los 1.605,42 € (media 23,27 € ± 41,14 €) y los costes indirectos fueron de6.490,85 € (media 94,07 € ± 110,61 €). En resumen, el coste total fue de 18.812,11 €, lo que supone un coste medio de 272,64 ± 164,77 €. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio refleja que los costes de una evaluación electiva de hipersensibilidad a MCR son bajos. Este hecho reafirma que el manejo correcto y seguro de estos pacientes podría ser rentable, por lo que nuestros esfuerzos deben estar dirigidos a implementar la logística necesaria (AU)

Epidemiology of sports injuries in korean elite female fencing athletes: a prospective cohort study / Epidemiología de las lesiones deportivas en atletas coreanas de esgrima de élite: un estudio prospectivo de cohorte / Epidemiologia das lesões esportivas em atletas coreanas de esgrima de elite: um estudo prospectivo de coorte

ABSTRACT Objectives: We aimed to assess the risk of injury associated with training activities of Korean elite female fencing athletes by weapon category. Methods: We prospectively collected 2021 data on 80 elite female fencing athletes at the Korean Training Center. Injury incidence rates were expressed as Poisson rates with a 95% confidence interval. We used χ2 tests to compare injury locations and recovery times by weapon category. Results: A total of 233 injuries were recorded, averaging 3.27 (95% CI, 2.86-3.72) injuries per 1,000 training hours. The sabre had the highest injury incidence rate, followed by the epee and the foil. Injuries to fencing athletes were the most common in the lower extremities (46.35%), followed by the upper extremities (24.03%), trunk (20.17%), and head and neck area (9.44%). The weapon category did not affect the body regions (p=0.425). However, recovery time differed significantly by body region (p=0.021). Conclusions: The weapon category was found to affect the injury incidence rate. In addition, recovery time varied depending on body region. Further research is needed to clarify these results. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el riesgo de lesión asociado a las actividades de entrenamiento según la categoría de arma en atletas coreanas de esgrima de élite. Método: A partir de 2021, recopilamos prospectivamente datos de 80 atletas de esgrima de élite en el Centro de Entrenamiento de Corea. Las tasas de incidencia de lesiones se expresaron como tasas de Poisson con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Usamos la prueba de χ2 para comparar el local de las lesiones y los tiempos de recuperación según la categoría de arma. Resultados: Se registró un total de 233 lesiones, con un promedio de 3,27 (IC 95 %, 2,86-3,72) lesiones por cada 1000 horas de entrenamiento. El sable tuvo la tasa de incidencia de lesiones más alta, seguido por la espada y el florete. Las lesiones de los atletas de esgrima fueron más frecuentes en las extremidades inferiores (46,35%), seguidas de las extremidades superiores (24,03%), tronco (20,17%) y región de la cabeza y cuello (9,44%). La categoría de arma no afectó las regiones del cuerpo (p=0,425). Sin embargo, el tiempo de recuperación difirió significativamente según la región del cuerpo (p=0,021). Conclusión: Se constató que la categoría de arma afecta la tasa de incidencia de lesiones. Además, el tiempo de recuperación varía según la región del cuerpo. Se necesitan más investigaciones para aclarar estos resultados. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de resultados de tratamiento.

RESUMO Objetivos: Nosso objetivo foi avaliar o risco de lesão associado às atividades de treinamento de acordo com a categoria de arma de atletas coreanas de esgrima de elite. Métodos: A partir de 2021, coletamos prospectivamente dados de 80 atletas de elite de esgrima no Centro de Treinamento Coreano. As taxas de incidência de lesões foram expressas como taxas de Poisson com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Usamos o teste de χ2 para comparar os locais de lesão e os tempos de recuperação de acordo com a categoria da arma. Resultados: Um total de 233 lesões foi registrado, com média de 3,27 (IC 95%, 2,86-3,72) lesões por 1.000 horas de treinamento. O sabre teve a maior taxa de incidência de lesões, seguido pela espada e pelo florete. As lesões dos atletas de esgrima foram mais comuns nos membros inferiores (46,35%), seguidas pelos membros superiores (24,03%), tronco (20,17%) e região da cabeça e pescoço (9,44%). A categoria da arma não influenciou as regiões do corpo (p = 0,425). No entanto, o tempo de recuperação diferiu significativamente de acordo com a região do corpo (p = 0,021). Conclusão: Verificou-se que a categoria de arma afeta a taxa de incidência de lesões. Além disso, o tempo de recuperação variou de acordo com a região do corpo. São necessárias mais pesquisas para esclarecer esses resultados. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação de resultados de tratamento.

Responsabilidad personal con la salud en Cuba: análisis estructural e identificación de variables estratégicas

Fundamento: el incremento de la responsabilidad personal con la salud en la población cubana es un resultado esperado del Plan de Desarrollo Socialista hasta el año 2030. Para lograr esta meta se necesita un ejercicio de planificación estratégica cuya primera etapa es el análisis estructural del problema. Objetivo: identificar las variables relacionadas con los niveles de responsabilidad personal con la salud en la población cubana, describir las relaciones entre ellas y determinar las que resultan estratégicas para fomentar el cambio. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de prospectiva estratégica para el análisis estructural de los niveles de responsabilidad personal con la salud en Cuba. Mediante muestreo no probabilístico de casos críticos se contactó con 24 expertos que elaboraron una lista de variables relacionadas con el problema de estudio y las relaciones entre ellas. Se utilizó el programa Matriz de impactos cruzados- multiplicación aplicada a una clasificación, para el análisis de los datos. Resultados: se identificaron 19 variables, de las cuales cinco son variables determinantes, seis variables estratégicas (acción intersectorial, normas sociales y marco jurídico, enfoque paternalista en salud, rendición de cuentas individual y del Estado-Gobierno, alfabetización en salud y apoyo al cuidado y bienestar), dos variables objetivo y tres variables resultados y autónomas respectivamente. Conclusiones: el incremento de los niveles de responsabilidad personal con la salud dependerá de la acción intersectorial, la actualización del marco jurídico y formas innovadoras para la rendición de cuenta de todos los actores sociales. Será necesario, además, alcanzar mejoras en la alfabetización en salud, mayor acompañamiento a los esfuerzos de los individuos para el autocuidado y el abandono de prácticas paternalistas que expropien a los ciudadanos de sus responsabilidades.

Background: the increase in personal responsibility for health in the Cuban population is an expected result of the Socialist Development Plan until the year 2030. To achieve this goal, a strategic planning exercise is needed. The structural analysis of the problem is the first stage of this exercise. Objective: to identify the variables related to the current and future levels of personal responsibility for health in the Cuban population, to describe the relationships between them and to determine those that, due to their levels of dependency and influence in the system, are strategic for promoting change. Methods: a strategic prospective study was carried out for the structural analysis of the levels of personal responsibility for health in Cuba. Through non-probabilistic sampling of critical cases, 24 experts were contacted who drew up a list of related variables to the study problem, assigned them and described the relationships between them. The cross-impact matrix-multiplication program applied to a classification was used for data analysis. Results: 19 variables were identified, of which five are determining variables, six challenge variables, two target variables and three result and autonomous variables, respectively. Intersectoral action, social norms and legal framework, paternalistic approach to health, individual and State-Government accountability, health literacy and support for care and well-being were considered strategic. Conclusions: the increase in the levels of personal responsibility for health will depend on intersectoral action, the updating of the legal framework and innovative forms for the accountability of all social actors. It will also be necessary to achieve improvements in health literacy, greater accompaniment to the efforts of individuals for self-care and the abandonment of paternalistic practices that expropriate citizens from their responsibilities.

Evolución clínica y funcional a largo plazo del trastorno límite de personalidad (AU) / Long-term clinical and functional evolution of borderline personality disorder

Hay una evidencia científica creciente que indica un pronóstico a largo plazo más favorable del esperado para las personas con trastorno límite de la personalidad (TLP). Los resultados de diversos estudios prospectivos a 5 años o más conducidos en muestras clínicas de varios países, incluida España, indican que el TLP tiende a la remisión diagnóstica a largo plazo, aunque se objetivan manifestaciones sintomáticas crónicas del trastorno y una comorbilidad psiquiátrica y médica clínicamente relevante en una parte de las personas con TLP. Así mismo, se informan de tasas de suicidio acumuladas elevadas a largo plazo en esta población. El funcionamiento social y general parece mejorar ligeramente a largo plazo, observándose dificultades persistentes de ajuste social en algunos individuos. Se requieren futuras investigaciones para la identificación de factores predictivos de estas diferencias en el curso del trastorno (AU)

There is growing evidence indicating a better prognosis for borderline personality disorder (BPD) in the long-term than it was expected. Findings of prospective studies at 5-year follow-up and beyond that were conducted in clinical samples from several countries, including Spain, suggest that BPD tends towards diagnostic remission in the long-term, although a portion of the people with BPD may present chronic symptoms of the disorder and other clinically relevant psychiatric and medical comorbidities. High cummulative suicide rates were reported in this population in the long-term. General and social functioning appear to improve slightly over time, with persistent difficulties in social adjustment observed in some individuals. Further research is required to identify predictive factors of these differences in the course of the disorder (AU)

Consecuencias del tratamiento de cáncer sobre la conservación del empleo: una revisión sistemática y meta-análisis / Long-term work retention after treatment for cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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High risk for psychiatric disorders in bipolar offspring. A four years prospective study / Riesgo elevado de trastornos psiquiátricos en hijos de padres con trastorno bipolar. Estudio prospectivo de cuatro años de duración

ABSTRACT Bipolar disorder (BD) has a large hereditary component. It is a disorder that begins in early adulthood, but about which it has been described a premorbid period preceding the onset of BD. During this herald expression psychiatric disorders and symptoms, such as depressive, manic, psychotic, anxious and others, may appear. Objective: To determine the psychopathological profile of a Bipolar Offspring (BO) group compared with the Community Control Offspring (CCO) group, and its evolution over time, including subthreshold symptoms and mental disorders. Methods: We conducted an observational mixed cohort study, with a prospective design. We included subjects from six to 30 years of age, from the region of Antioquia, Colombia. A total of 131 subjects from the risk group BO and 150 subjects from the CCO group were evaluated through validated psychiatric diagnostic interviews (K-SADS-PL and DIGS) at baseline and at 4 years follow up. All interviews were carried out by a staff blind to parent diagnoses. Follow-up assessment were complete in 72% of the offspring. Forty-two subjects were excluded as they surpassed the age of 30 years, and only 46 subjects were not followed (change of address or did not consent to participate). Results: Compared with the CCO group, the BO group had a higher frequency of affective disorder, psychotic disorder, externalizing disorders and use of the psychoactive substances during both assessments at time 1 and 2. The magnitude of the differences between the groups increased when they reach time 2. The BO group had a greater risk for presenting subthreshold symptoms and definitive psychiatric disorders, such as affective disorders, psychotic disorders and externalizing disorders. In addition, the BO group had a younger age of onset for psychoactive substances consumption. Conclusion: During the follow-up period, the BO group had a higher risk of presenting mental disorders compared with the CCO group. The most relevant symptoms and disorders that could precede the onset of BD were depressive, bipolar not otherwise specified, psychotic and substance use.

RESUMEN El trastorno bipolar (TB) tiene un gran componente hereditario. Es un trastorno que comienza en la edad adulta temprana, pero acerca del cual se ha descrito un período premórbido que precede al inicio de TB. Durante esta expresión heraldo, pueden aparecer trastornos y síntomas psiquiátricos, como depresivos, maníacos, psicóticos, ansiosos y otros. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil psicopatológico de un grupo de hijos de padres con TB (BO) en comparación con el grupo de hijos de padres control de la misma comunidad (CCO), y su evolución en el tiempo. Los síntomas subumbrales y los trastornos mentales serán incluidos. Métodos: Nosotros llevamos a cabo un estudio observacional mixto de cohorte, con diseño prospectivo. Incluimos sujetos de seis a 30 anos de edad, de la región de Antioquia, Colombia. Un total de 131 sujetos del grupo de riesgo BO y 150 sujetos del grupo CCO fueron evaluados a través de entrevistas de diagnóstico psiquiátricas validadas (K-SADS-PL y DIGS), al inicio yalos4anos de seguimiento. Todas las entrevistas se llevaron a cabo por personal ciego a los diagnósticos de los padres. La evaluación de seguimiento se completó en el 72% de la descendencia. Cuarenta y dos sujetos fueron excluidos ya que superaron la edad de 30 anos, y solo 46 sujetos no fueron seguidos (cambio de dirección o no dieron su consentimiento para participar). Resultados: En comparación con el grupo CCO, el grupo BO tuvo una mayor frecuencia de trastorno afectivo, el trastorno psicótico, los trastornos de externalización y el uso de las sustancias psicoactivas durante ambas evaluaciones en los tiempos 1 y 2. La magnitud de las diferencias entre los grupos aumentó cuando alcanzaron el tiempo 2. El grupo BO tuvo un mayor riesgo de presentar síntomas subumbrales y trastornos psiquiátricos definitivos, tales como trastornos afectivos, trastornos psicóticos y trastornos de externalización. Además, el grupo BO tuvo una edad de comienzo más baja para el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Conclusión: Durante el período de seguimiento, el grupo BO tuvo un mayor riesgo de presentar trastornos mentales en comparación con el grupo CCO. Los síntomas y trastornos más importantes que preceden al inicio del TB fueron: depresivo, bipolar no especificado de otra manera, psicóticos y el uso de sustancias.

High risk for psychiatric disorders in bipolar offspring. A four years prospective study.

Bipolar disorder (BD) has a large hereditary component. It is a disorder that begins in early adulthood, but about which it has been described a premorbid period preceding the onset of BD. During this herald expression psychiatric disorders and symptoms, such as depressive, manic, psychotic, anxious and others, may appear. OBJECTIVE: To determine the psychopathological profile of a Bipolar Offspring (BO) group compared with the Community Control Offspring (CCO) group, and its evolution over time, including subthreshold symptoms and mental disorders. METHODS: We conducted an observational mixed cohort study, with a prospective design. We included subjects from six to 30 years of age, from the region of Antioquia, Colombia. A total of 131 subjects from the risk group BO and 150 subjects from the CCO group were evaluated through validated psychiatric diagnostic interviews (K-SADS-PL and DIGS) at baseline and at 4 years follow up. All interviews were carried out by a staff blind to parent diagnoses. Follow-up assessment were complete in 72% of the offspring. Forty-two subjects were excluded as they surpassed the age of 30 years, and only 46 subjects were not followed (change of address or did not consent to participate). RESULTS: Compared with the CCO group, the BO group had a higher frequency of affective disorder, psychotic disorder, externalizing disorders and use of the psychoactive substances during both assessments at time 1 and 2. The magnitude of the differences between the groups increased when they reach time 2. The BO group had a greater risk for presenting subthreshold symptoms and definitive psychiatric disorders, such as affective disorders, psychotic disorders and externalizing disorders. In addition, the BO group had a younger age of onset for psychoactive substances consumption. CONCLUSION: During the follow-up period, the BO group had a higher risk of presenting mental disorders compared with the CCO group. The most relevant symptoms and disorders that could precede the onset of BD were depressive, bipolar not otherwise specified, psychotic and substance use.

Descripción basal de la cohorte nacional prospectiva de hemangiomas infantiles de la Academia Española de Dermatología y Venereología. Comparación de los pacientes tratados con propranolol en la práctica clínica rutinaria y los datos del ensayo clínico pivotal previo / Baseline Description of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology Infantile Haemangioma Nationwide Prospective Cohort. Comparison of Patients Treated with Propranolol in Routine Clinical Practice with Previous Pivotal Clinical Trial Data

Introducción Existen diversas opciones terapéuticas para los hemangiomas infantiles (HI). El propranolol se utiliza con base en un ensayo pivotal. Nuestro objetivo fue describir las características del HI en la práctica clínica, incluyendo las terapias utilizadas, así como comparar las características de los pacientes tratados con propranolol y las de los pacientes del ensayo, para valorar su validez externa. Métodos Se incluyó consecutivamente a los pacientes que acudieron a doce hospitales españoles desde junio de 2016 a octubre de 2019 (n=601). Resultados La edad media fue de 3,9 (DE:1,9) meses, con una ratio mujer-varón de 2:1. La mayoría de los HI fueron de tipo localizado (82%, 495), superficial (64%, 383) y ubicados en cara (25%, 157) y tronco (31%, 188). El tamaño mediano fue de 17 (RI: 10-30) x 12 (RI: 7-20) mm. Se encontraron complicaciones en 16 (3%) pacientes. Se inició tratamiento en el 52% (311) de los casos. La mayoría de los pacientes recibió timolol (76%, 237), reservándose propranolol para las complicaciones o los HI de alto riesgo. El compromiso estético fue el principal motivo de iniciar la terapia (64%, 199). Las diversas características de los pacientes y de los HI tratados con propranolol fueron similares a las del ensayo clínico pivotal, aunque 1/3 de los HI no alcanzó el diámetro mínimo para cumplir los criterios de inclusión, y no se comunicó información pronóstica importante. Conclusiones Dado que muchos pacientes reciben tratamiento debido al compromiso estético, existe una necesidad de conocer mejor los resultados estéticos de las terapias e incrementar la evidencia sobre el uso de timolol, que actualmente es la terapia más común. El propranolol está siendo utilizado en una población generalmente similar a la del ensayo; sin embargo, esta afirmación no puede confirmarse de manera definitiva (AU)

Background There are several therapeutic options for infantile haemangiomas (IH). Propranolol is used according to a pivotal trial. We aimed to describe the characteristics of IH in clinical practice, including the therapies used, and to compare the characteristics of patients treated with propranolol with those of the trial to assess its external validity. Methods Consecutive patients attending 12 Spanish hospitals from June 2016 to October 2019 were included (n=601). Results The mean age was 3.9 (SD:1.9) months, with a 2:1 female-to-male ratio. Most IHs were localized (82%, 495), superficial (64%, 383) and located in the face (25%, 157) and trunk (31%, 188). Median size was 17 (IR: 10-30) x 12 (IR: 7-20) mm. Complications were found in 16 (3%) patients. Treatment was initiated for 52% (311). Most patients received timolol (76%, 237); propranolol was reserved for complications or high-risk IHs. Aesthetic impairment was the main reason for starting therapy (64%, 199). Several characteristics of the patients and IHs treated with propranolol are similar to those of the pivotal clinical trial, but 1/3 of IHs did not reach the minimum diameter to meet the inclusion criteria, and important prognostic information was not reported. Conclusions As most patients receive treatment for aesthetic impairment, there is a need to better understand the aesthetic results of therapies and to increase evidence on the use of timolol, which is currently the most common therapy. Propranolol is being used in a population generally similar to that of the trial; however, this statement cannot be definitely confirmed (AU)

Baseline description of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology infantile haemangioma nationwide prospective cohort. Comparison of patients treated with propranolol in routine clinical practice with previous pivotal clinical trial data. / Descripción basal de la cohorte prospectiva de hemangioma infantil a nivel nacional de la Asociación Española de Dermatología. Comparación de los pacientes tratados con propranolol en la práctica clínica rutinaria y los datos de un ensayo clínico pivotal previo.

BACKGROUND: There are several therapeutic options for infantile haemangiomas (IH). Propranolol is used according to a pivotal trial. We aimed to describe the characteristics of IH in clinical practice, including the therapies used, and to compare the characteristics of patients treated with propranolol with those of the trial to assess its external validity. METHODS: Consecutive patients attending 12 Spanish hospitals from June 2016 to October 2019 were included (n=601). RESULTS: The mean age was 3.9 (SD:1.9) months, with a 2:1 female-to-male ratio. Most IHs were localized (82%, 495), superficial (64%, 383) and located in the face (25%, 157) and trunk (31%, 188). Median size was 17 (IR: 10-30) x 12 (IR: 7-20) mm. Complications were found in 16 (3%) patients. Treatment was initiated for 52% (311). Most patients received timolol (76%, 237); propranolol was reserved for complications or high-risk IHs. Aesthetic impairment was the main reason for starting therapy (64%, 199). Several characteristics of the patients and IHs treated with propranolol are similar to those of the pivotal clinical trial, but 1/3 of IHs did not reach the minimum diameter to meet the inclusion criteria, and important prognostic information was not reported. CONCLUSIONS: As most patients receive treatment for aesthetic impairment, there is a need to better understand the aesthetic results of therapies and to increase evidence on the use of timolol, which is currently the most common therapy. Propranolol is being used in a population generally similar to that of the trial; however, this statement cannot be definitely confirmed.

Acerca del carácter retrospectivo o prospectivo en la investigación científica / About the retrospective or prospective character in scientific research

RESUMEN El artículo aborda uno de los elementos metodológicos de usual declaración en los proyectos de investigación: el carácter retrospectivo o prospectivo de los estudios. Se propone utilizar como criterio de clasificación, para considerar si un estudio es de un tipo o del otro, la relación que se establece entre el momento en que se diseña la investigación, por una parte, y el momento de la ocurrencia del hecho que se pretende investigar, por la otra. A partir de este criterio, se fundamenta que tanto los estudios de casos y controles como los estudios de cohortes pueden ser realizados retrospectivamente o de forma prospectiva.

ABSTRACT The article addresses one of the methodological elements commonly declared in research projects: the retrospective or prospective nature of the studies. It is proposed to use as a classification criterion, to consider whether a study is of one type or the other, the relationship established between the moment in which the investigation is designed, on the one hand, and the moment of the occurrence of the fact that is pretends to investigate, on the other. Based on this criterion, it is based that both case-control studies and cohort studies can be carried out retrospectively or prospectively.

Influencia de los factores pronósticos en la rehabilitación de pacientes geriátricos con ictus isquémico / Influence of prognostic factors in the rehabilitation of geriatric patients with ischemic ictus

RESUMEN Fundamento: la enfermedad cerebrovascular es en la actualidad uno de los problemas de salud más importantes, tanto en países desarrollados como subdesarrollados. Objetivo: valorar el grado de independencia funcional alcanzada en el proceso de rehabilitación en pacientes geriátricos con ictus isquémico según los factores pronósticos presentes. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo en pacientes geriátricos en la sala de rehabilitación del policlínico Santa Clara de enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2018 con diagnóstico clínico y radiológico de ictus isquémico. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por 31 pacientes, se identificaron los factores pronósticos y se aplicó el Índice de Barthel al inicio y final de realizar el tratamiento neurorehabilitador. En el análisis estadístico se utilizaron pruebas no paramétricas, independencia basada en la distribución chi cuadrado y para muestras relacionadas, homogeneidad marginal. Resultados: predominaron los pacientes con edad entre los 60 y 69 años del sexo masculino. Los factores pronósticos encontrados en mayor frecuencia fueron la afectación del hemisferio dominante, retracciones osteotendinosas, desarrollo psicológico negativista y la colaboración pasiva. Previo al tratamiento en pacientes con menos de dos factores pronósticos, predominó la dependencia leve y al final se igualan los dependientes leves e independientes, en los pacientes con dos o más factores, al inicio del tratamiento predominaron los dependientes moderados y al final los dependientes leves. Conclusiones: la rehabilitación neurológica mejoró en la independencia de las actividades de la vida diaria de los pacientes geriátricos con ictus isquémico, que se hace más evidente cuando este se asocia a menos de dos factores pronósticos.

ABSTRACT Background: cerebrovascular disease is currently one of the most important health problems, both in developed and underdeveloped countries. Objective: to value the grade of functional independence reached in the rehabilitation process in patient geriatrics with ischemic ictus according to the factors present presage. Methods: a prospective study was carried out in geriatric patients in the rehabilitation room of the Santa Clara Polyclinic from January 2017 to December 2018 with a clinical and radiological diagnosis of ischemic ictus. The study universe was constituted by 31 patients, the prognostic factors were identified and the Barthel Index was applied at the beginning and end of the neuro-rehabilitation treatment. In the statistical analysis, nonparametric tests were used. (Independence based on the Chi square distribution and for related samples, marginal homogeneity). Results: male patients with age between 60 and 69 years of age are predominant. The prognostic factors found most frequently were the involvement of the dominant hemisphere, osteotendinous retractions, negative psychological development and passive collaboration. Prior to treatment, in patients with less than two prognostic factors, mild dependence predominated and in the end mild and independent dependents are equalized; in patients with two or more factors, moderate dependents predominated at the start of treatment and mild dependents at the end. Conclusions: neurological rehabilitation improves independence in the activities of daily life of geriatric patients with ischemic ictus that becomes more evident when this is associated with less than two prognostic factors.

Pain experience with micro-osteoperforations during Initial orthodontic alignment: a randomized clinical trial / Experiencia de dolor con micro-osteoperforaciones durante la alineación ortodóncica inicial: un ensayo clínico aleatorizado

Objetive: The objective of this clinical trial was to investigate the perception of pain during initial maxillary alignment with an adjunctive procedure of micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) compared to conventional orthodontics. Material and methods: This study design was a single-centre, two-arm parallel prospective randomised clinical trial. Thirty consecutive adult subjects (25 females and 5 males; mean age ± SD, 22.66 ± 3.27 years) with 5-8mm moderate upper labial segment crowding were randomly allocated using block randomisation into intervention and control group. All subjects had first premolar extractions, bonded conventional fixed appliances and 0.014-inch nickel-titanium archwire was placed for initial alignment. The intervention group received a 3-mm deep MOPs procedure under local anaesthesia using a Propel device (PROPEL Ortho Singapore) on the labiogingival aspect between the maxillary incisors. Both groups received a set of 100 mm visual analogue scale to complete over the first week, recording pain at 24 hours, 3 days and 1 week. Data were analysed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: There was a statistically significant difference observed in perceived pain levels between MOPs and the control group on day 1, day 3 and day 7 postoperatively. Pain perception was significantly lower in the intervention group at all time points. Conclusion: Accelerating orthodontic tooth movement with MOPs did not accentuate pain perceived during initial maxillary alignment with fixed appliances.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este ensayo clínico fue investigar la percepción del dolor durante la alineación maxilar inicial con un procedimiento adyuvante de micro-osteoperforaciones (MOP) en comparación con la ortodoncia convencional. Material y Métodos: El diseño de este estudio fue un ensayo clínico aleatorizado prospectivo paralelo de dos brazos y un solo centro. Treinta sujetos adultos consecutivos (25 mujeres y 5 hombres; edad media ± DE, 22,66 ± 3,27 años) con apiñamiento moderado del segmento labial superior de 5-8 mm se asignaron al azar mediante la asignación al azar en bloques en el grupo de intervención y de control. A todos los sujetos se les realizaron extracciones de los primeros premolares, se colocaron aparatos fijos convencionales adheridos y se colocó un arco de níquel-titanio de 0,014 pulgadas para la alineación inicial. El grupo de intervención recibió un procedimiento de MOP de 3 mm de profundidad bajo anestesia local utilizando un dispositivo Propel (PROPEL Ortho Singapore) en la cara labial de los incisivos superiores. Ambos grupos recibieron un conjunto de escala analógica visual de 100 mm para completar durante la primera semana, registrando el dolor a las 24 horas, 3 días y 1 semana. Los datos se analizaron mediante análisis de varianza de medidas repetidas (ANOVA). Resultados: Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en los niveles de dolor percibido entre los MOP y el grupo de control el día 1, el día 3 y el día 7 del postoperatorio. La percepción del dolor fue significativamente menor en el grupo de intervención en todos los momentos. Conclusión: La aceleración del movimiento dental de ortodoncia con MOP no acentuó el dolor percibido durante la alineación maxilar inicial con aparatos fijos.

How to start and develop a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled trial. / Cómo poner en marcha y desarrollar un estudio multicéntrico prospectivo, controlado y aleatorizado.

Our main goal is to describe how to start and develop a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled trial. The first step is to have an idea that will become the hypothesis and a main objective. A bibliographic search should be done to check for clinical interest and originality. Moreover, the study must be feasible and should be finished within 4 years. In order to start the multicenter study, a protocol should be written (in accordance with the SPIRIT guidelines Standard Protocol items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials), including the design type, sample size and participating hospitals. Randomization is key to the design and, therefore, the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) guidelines must be followed. However, if the study cannot be randomized, the TREND (Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Non-Randomized Designs) guidelines are recommended. When the protocol is approved by the Ethics Committee for Clinical Investigation of the hospital, we ought to create visibility. It is suggested to register the trial on ClincalTrials.gov and submit its publication to indexed magazines. Financial resources are necessary to execute the study and maintain an online database. This allows the registry to be updated and accessible to all the participants in the study. What is more, randomization can be done immediately. And last, but not least, is motivation. Multicentricity equals to participation of all the chosen medical centers. Updating and motivating them by sending a newsletter every 1-3 months keeps participants engaged in the study.

High Risk for Psychiatric Disorders in Bipolar Offspring. A Four Years Prospective Study.

Bipolar disorder (BD) has a large hereditary component. It is a disorder that begins in early adulthood, but about which it has been described a premorbid period preceding the onset of BD. During this herald expression psychiatric disorders and symptoms, such as depressive, manic, psychotic, anxious and others, may appear. OBJECTIVE: To determine the psychopathological profile of a Bipolar Offspring (BO) group compared with the Community Control Offspring (CCO) group, and its evolution over time, including subthreshold symptoms and mental disorders. METHODS: We conducted an observational mixed cohort study, with a prospective design. We included subjects from six to 30 years of age, from the region of Antioquia, Colombia. A total of 131 subjects from the risk group BO and 150 subjects from the CCO group were evaluated through validated psychiatric diagnostic interviews (K-SADS-PL and DIGS) at baseline and at 4 years follow up. All interviews were carried out by a staff blind to parent diagnoses. Follow-up assessment were complete in 72% of the offspring. Forty-two subjects were excluded as they surpassed the age of 30 years, and only 46 subjects were not followed (change of address or did not consent to participate). RESULTS: Compared with the CCO group, the BO group had a higher frequency of affective disorder, psychotic disorder, externalizing disorders and use of the psychoactive substances during both assessments at time 1 and 2. The magnitude of the differences between the groups increased when they reach time 2. The BO group had a greater risk for presenting subthreshold symptoms and definitive psychiatric disorders, such as affective disorders, psychotic disorders and externalizing disorders. In addition, the BO group had a younger age of onset for psychoactive substances consumption. CONCLUSION: During the follow-up period, the BO group had a higher risk of presenting mental disorders compared with the CCO group. The most relevant symptoms and disorders that could precede the onset of BD were depressive, bipolar not otherwise specified, psychotic and substance use.

Long-term functional outcome and complications of male suburethral slings in the management of post-prostatectomy incontinence: A prospective five-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVES: Suburethral male slings are an alternative option for mild stress urinary incontinence. Our purpose is to evaluate the long-term functional outcomes, efficacy and worsening continence of male suburethral slings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The functional outcomes of realignment/anatomical slings were evaluated with AdVance ®, and the outcomes of compressive slings were evaluated with InVance®. We considered 55 patients fulfilling 5 years of complete follow-up. We included patients with a 24-hour pad weight test <400 grams. Night-continent patients who also had positive "repositioning tests" were considered for AdVance®, whereas patients without sphincter contraction or previous pelvic radiotherapy were considered for InVance®. RESULTS: Between February 2006 and September 2010, 24 AdVance® and 31 InVance® slings were implanted. The median follow-up times from sling insertion were 75 months in the AdVance® group (range: 64-97) and 86 months in the InVance® group (range: 61-108). At three months of follow-up, 43 of 55 patients were considered to be cured (pad-free) (78.1%), 79.1% in the AdVance® group and 77.4% in the InVance® group. Postoperatively, 16.6% of patients with AdVance® and 22.5% of patients with InVance® presented "de novo" urgency. At 5 years of follow-up, we observed 10 cases of some deterioration of continence, 3 patients in the AdVance® group and 7 in the InVance® group (15.8% and 29.1% of the initially cured, respectively). To date, there have been no reports of urethral sling erosion. CONCLUSIONS: Male slings are safe and effective. Although we observed an increase in "de novo" urgency, in our experience, slings seemed to maintain their efficacy during long-term follow-up, and the risks of urethral erosion are low.

OBJETIVOS: Los cabestrillos suburetrales masculinos son una opción alternativa para la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo leve. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar los resultados funcionales a largo plazo, la eficacia y el empeoramiento de la continencia en los cabestrillos suburetrales masculinos. METODOS: Se evaluaron los resultados funcionales de los cabestrillos de realineamiento/anatómicos con Ad- Vance® y compresivos con InVance®. Se incluyeron 55 pacientes que cumplían con los 5 años de seguimiento completo. Incluimos pacientes con un peso en el test de la compresa de 24 h menor de 400 gramos. Los pacientes con continencia nocturna que tenían también positivas las pruebas de reposicionamiento se consideraron para AdVance®, mientras que los pacientes sin contracción esfinteriana o con radioterapia pélvica previa fueron considerados para InVance®. RESULTADOS: Entre febrero 2006 y septiembre 2010 se implantaron 24 cabestrillos AdVance® y 31 InVance ®. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 75 meses desde la inserción del cabestrillo en el grupo de AdVance® (rango 64-97) y 86 meses en el grupo de InVance® (rango: 61-108). A los tres meses de seguimiento, 43 de los 55 pacientes fueron considerados curados (sin compresa) (78,1%), 79,1% en el grupo de AdVance® y 77,4% en el de InVance®. En el postoperatorio, el 16,6% de los pacientes con AdVance® y el 22,5% de los InVance® presentaron urgencia "de novo". A los 5 años de seguimiento, observamos 10 casos con algún deterioro de la continencia, 3 pacientes en el grupo de AdVance® y 7 en el de InVance® (15,8% y 29,1% de los pacientes inicialmente curados, respectivamente). Hasta la fecha, no se han presentado casos de erosión del cabestrillo. CONCLUSIONES: Los cabestrillos masculinos son seguros y eficaces. Aunque observamos un incremento de la urgencia "de novo", en nuestra experiencia, los cabestrillos parecen mantener su eficacia durante el seguimiento a largo plazo, y los riesgos de erosión uretral son bajos.

La preparación del residente de Anestesiología y Reanimación para la atención al paciente en shock / The Anesthesiology and Reanimation interns' preparation for the attention to the patient in shock

RESUMEN Fundamento: la preparación del residente en Anestesiología y Reanimación para la atención al paciente en shock es una exigencia curricular. Objetivo: diseñar una vía para potenciar la preparación del residente en Anestesiología y Reanimación para la atención médica integral al paciente en shock. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo y transversal en el Hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto de Guantánamo durante el curso 2017-2018. Se sistematizaron los referentes teóricos esenciales que sustentaron la definición operacional y la estructuración didáctica del proceso de preparación de este residente. Resultados: se definió y operacionalizó la variable preparación del residente en Anestesiología y Reanimación para la atención médica integral al paciente en shock y se identificaron tres momentos de este proceso: Se implementó un sistema de talleres docentes y de tareas docentes que guían el trabajo metodológico de los profesores para este propósito, que posibilitó que el 83,3 % de los residentes mejorara su preparación para la atención médica integral al paciente en shock. El 100 % de los profesores manifestó conformidad con la propuesta de modelación. Conclusión: se hizo una modelación didáctica del proceso de preparación del residente para esta finalidad, que concebirla puede tributar a una transformación cualitativamente superior del proceso de formación de este profesional, y a la profesionalización pedagógica del profesor.

ABSTRACT Background: the preparation of the intern in Anesthesiology and Reanimation for the attention to the patient in shock is a curricular demand. Objective: to design a way to encourage the preparation of the intern in Anesthesiology and Reanimation for the integral medical care to the patient in shock. Methods: a prospective and traverse study was carried out in the hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto of Guantánamo during the academic year 2017-2018. The relating theoretical essentials that sustained the operational definition and the didactic structuring of the process of this intern's preparationwere systematized. Results: the variable preparation of the intern in Anesthesiology and Reanimation for the integral medical care to the patient in shock was defined and operationalized, and three moments of this process were identified: A system of educational workshops was implemented and of educational tasks that guide the methodological work of the professors for this purpose that facilitated that 83.3% of the interns improved their preparation for the integral medical care to the patient in shock. 100.0% of the professors manifested conformity with the model proposal. Conclusion: a didactic model of the process of preparation of the intern was made for this purpose, while conceiving it can contribute to a transformation qualitatively superior of the process of this professional's formation, and to the professor's pedagogic professionalization.